Gender, sexuality and disadvantage: Intimately entwined, but perpetually divorced within international development?

In terms of the relationship to injustice and inequality, both gender and sexuality function as ‘parallel and interlocking’ social hierarchies that shape basic relationships and access to resources and power (Collins 1993:37). Race or ethnicity and class, caste, and socio-economic status also function in this way (and in some cultures, other hierarchies form; for example religion, or age) (Acker 2006; Collins 1993; Connell 2002, 2005 [1995]; Kimmel 2014; Ore 2009; Rahman and Jackson 2010; Schmitt 1988).